ADAPTING SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD FRAMEWORK FOR HUMAN WELL-BEING ASSESSMENT IN BANTUL REGENCY

There is broad subject that ecosystem service influence human well-being (HWB), however HWB are unmeasurable variable, therefore it still not been integrated fully into ecosystem service assessment and spatial planning document in Indonesia. Provision of sustainable ecosystem services, especially food provisioning, is a challenge for Bantul Regency as it faces huge production deficits because of land conversion and urbanization, therefore, it will threaten the condition of its human well-being. It aims to determine the distribution of human well-being conditions as well as analyzing which capital is the basic capital for human development in Bantul Regency. This study evaluates and maps human well-being by using Sustainable Livelihood Framework (SLF), based on perspective of experts and stakeholders, then analyzed the spatial variation on landscape by mapping the area, and discussed how to achieve human well-being conditions by maximizing services from the ecosystem. Questioners were distributed to stakeholders that involved in development decision making in Bantul regency in Likert scale, then it was analyze to determine the scores of each indicator in every capital. Then regional boundary shapefile analysis in ArcMap was carried out to map the level of conditions of human well-being. Based on the analysis, Human Capital is the largest capital in the people’s welfare of Bantul, the highest condition is located in the Dlingo and Srandakan Districts. However, financial, physical and social capitals are located in the same area, which makes the Banguntapan, Sewon and Bantul Districts have the best human well-being conditions in all of Bantul Regency. This study also found that besides geographical conditions play an important role in producing different types of ecosystem services, social-economic factors is the most important factor in determining the difference in value of each capital in human well-being. Optimizing planning regulation has to consider these spatial patterns.


Literature Review
Numerous frameworks that link human well-being with the provision of ecosystem services have been developed during the past two decades and rapidly evolving [10] [11] [12][13] [14][15] [16][17] [18]. Definition of well-being vary and many terms are used to determine it. Butler and Oluoch-Kosura [19] stated that HWB is a multidimensional concept that is measured along a quality-of-life gradient that reflect the spatiotemporal variability of material (food, water, shelter) and nonmaterial needs (good health, social cohesion, security) [6]. Elaborating a measurement standard that can be used across diverse landscape that scale changes in HWB in response to biophysical and social economic is challenging. The indicator needs to be adaptable, so it can be applied to other area with different characteristics, but it have to be consistent enough to allow comparisons. Therefore, a myriad institution and researcher have developed human well-being indicator to improve the live quality of people, such as the Better Life Index by OECD [1], the Global Well-being, the  [20], and Sustainable Livelihood Framework [21]. SLF was created in the late 1990s by the United Kingdom Department for International Development [21]. This framework was made to link local well-being perspectives to policy to make management decision in an international development context [22]. This tools comprises five equallyweighted capital components and defines capital as the range of available assets that provide the building blocks for livelihood and well-being, including human, social, financial, physical and natural capitals [6]. This paper used an adapted version of Sustainable Livelihood Frameworks that have been developed by Giesecke et. al [6]. in Albemarle-Pamlico Basin, USA, then accompanied by changes that are adapted to the characteristics of the landscape and social communities in Bantul Regency to measure human wellbeing condition for a better planning.

Methods
This paper used stakeholder perception to map HWB in Bantul regency, the indicator was analyzed with questionnaire and interview based on Sustainable Livelihood Framework. The framework was built to linking HWB into policy level to make management decision. There are five capital with its own indicator. The SLF comprises five weighted capital components and defines capital as available for assets and livelihoods. The capitals are human, social, financial, physical and natural. First, to identify the best indicators that suitable for Bantul regency, stakeholder participant was selected as a key personal and rated the importance to HWB from the five types of capital and the contribution of potential indicators to modal capital. Respondent rated the types of capital and the potential indicators on a likert-scale from 1-5, with 5 being the most contributed and strong to HWB. If the data from the selected indicator is not available, then equivalent data is used instead, but if suitable substitute is not available, secondary data from the indicator that has the next highest score will be used. Questionnaires and interviews were spread in this research with the scope of local government officials and farmers. 20 people from government office became the key persons of questionnaires and interviews in terms of some aspects. The contents consisted of they input and perception, as a stakeholder, towards human well-being condition in their government area, which capital must be strengthened and becomes asset of the people's welfare, their outlook on agriculture sector a basis sector to support community welfare, and their idea to improve ecosystem service condition to sustain development in Bantul regency Next, from the questionnaire respond, partial weight was included for two indicators within each capital and for the capital asset's that contributed to overall HWB (equation 1). This equation reflects the contribution of each capital asset (financial, human, physical, social and nature) to HWB and weights each capital indicator by dividing the mean (unscaled) rating by the sum of mean (unscaled) ratings (equation 2). This calculation enabled assessment of the condition of each capital asset individually as a composite measure of HWB. (1) To map the regency level indicators, a comparison of standardized data is made for each indicator with a scale of 0-1, based on the equation: The data was calculated using Microsoft Excel, then joined to a regency boundary shapefile in ArcMap 10.5 (ESRI). The value indicator rescales are also used to compile radar plots by dividing areas based on the characteristics of their ecoregions. Rescaled value indicators make it possible to compare capital assets and overall HWB conditions across regency.

Result and Discussion
The sort list of potential indicators was identified for each capital group that provided insight into the condition of each capital and for which data might be available at the regional level. Indicator data comes from tabular and spatial data from various sources. Indicators included in this assessment are noted in bold. Original sources of Bantul in figure https://bantulkab.bps.go.id. Based on these calculations, the level of representative each capital assets towards the condition of the Human Well-being shows in following maps: Sustainable Livelihood Framework is a method of calculating Human Well-being that is commonly practiced in various parts of the world. Various changes have been adopted by numerous studies. In this thesis, the initial Framework was developed on research that conducted by Giesecke et al [6]. There were a number of indicators changes due to different regional characteristics and data availability. Almost all indicators in Human Capital used in previous studies, the official data was cannot be found for the district level. So for the highest indicator, i.e. Life Expectancy, a separate calculation must be done using the age-wised method. While the data for indicators 2nd and 3th are not available in Bantul regency, the 4th indicator, the Infant Mortality is applied.
Furthermore, the value of gotong royong (cooperation by members of a community to achieve a common goal) was added to the Indicator in Social Capital because it is part of the social life pattern of the Javanese community in rural society. In addition, the Environmental Quality Index (measurement of environmental quality consisting of forest cover, water and air pollution) that is used in almost all districts in Indonesia to measure environmental sustainability is also added to indicators at Natural Capital.
Human capital that consist of life expectancy and infant mortality had the best conditions area in Dlingo and Srandakan districts, which when compared to physical capital, are not supported by adequate infrastructure and located in remote area. Whereas visualization of financial capital appeared clustering in Yogyakarta agglomeration area. This may be influenced by commuter residents who have a job in Yogyakarta city but owning a home in Bantul. As for social capital, Bantul and Jetis districts are categorized as having very good community relations due to a huge number of members in their social organizations. Furthermore, compared to other capital, Human Capital is the most important asset (4.75 rates) for the livelihood in Bantul Regency. The productive age population is seen as the initial capital of community's welfare. However, Financial, Physical and Social are linked together and share the same location. It can be concluded that the best capital condition of human well-being is in the Banguntapan, Sewon and Bantul districts which are located close together, and based on the regression output, Ecosystem Service could increase one and a half of Human Well-being, so that the research hypothesis is answered.

Conclusion
The capital that have most influences to Human Well-being status is Human Capital, namely the large number of productive age people. So that the future development plan must be able to prevent urbanization, the government must be able to accommodate facilities for them to be able to study and work in Bantul, so the "rural aging population" can be avoided. Therefore, implement of education about sustainable environment have to be started as early as possible. In addition, to develop agriculture, the high level of human capital is also needed to transfer technology to increase crop productivity, which lead to improving welfare. In contrast, accessible credit for local farmers to increase agriculture product apparently considered not as the main capital in financial capital by stakeholder point of view.
Proximity to the urban area of Yogyakarta makes the results of calculations from human wellbeing in Bantul Regency somehow biased. The high area of human well-being is located in the agglomeration area, so that access to infrastructure, social communication, and finance in the central region is easier than the remote area that has a low human well-being. This also proves that there is an inequality within regions, so that the level of welfare in Bantul Regency is still uneven.
This analysis helped the decision spatial planning to highlight important geographic patterns in individual HWB measures and illustrate the excellence of the HWB. By examining maps of HWB pattern and stakeholder indicators, obvious tendency among financial, social, human, emerges within Bantul regency landscape physical and natural capitals. The framework used in this study and has been tested on data-poor regions, it can be recommended for community-based participatory planning in the future. However, there are several indicators that must be replaced, especially in the Human Capital section due to the data availability.
Based on the results from observation and findings previously explained, this research suggest some recommendations, especially for spatial planning as follows: Local strategies that increase "pride in place" by enhancing the implementation and effectiveness of Food System. Food system is a complex activitiy involving the production, processing, transport, and consumption. This innovation requires a strong governance system, but can advance the local economy, maintain environmental sustainability, open employment opportunities, and have an impact on food on individual and population health.
Bantul is a region that largely agrarian. Beside rice products, this regency is also able to grow a large range of crops such as shallot, dragon fruit, cassava, mango, durian, etc., hence the development of a food system-based economy is one of the accurate innovations in improving people's welfare and at the same time preventing urbanization. To achieve these goals, several steps are needed, namely: (1). Establish Collaborative Food Alliance (CFA) between the City of Yogyakarta as a consumer and Bantul Regency as a producer, to coordinate transactions between the two regions; (2) Develop "food hubs" that connect rural areas (food suppliers) and city areas. This is also to maintain the supply of fresh products at low prices; (3). Promote local branding, the one village one product policy can protect the availability of goods in the market while at the same time increasing buyer interest in the uniqueness of local food.

Acknowledgement
Study on Adapting Sustainable Livelihood Framework for Human Well-being Assessment in Bantul Regency is the research result of a cooperation of the lecturers and assistance between Graduate School of Media and Governance from Keio University, Japan and Master of Urban and Regional Planning Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Indonesia.