Nikel Laterit Pulau Gag: Menelusuri Proses Terbentuknya dan Implikasinya dalam Industri Pertambangan
Kata Kunci:
Nikel laterit, Pulau Gag, Industri Pertambangan
Abstrak
Nikel laterit di Pulau Gag berdampak signifikan pada industri pertambangan, dengan keuntungan ekonomi besar dan dampak sosial dan lingkungan yang perlu diperhatikan. Penelitian ini bertujuan memahami pembentukan, karakteristik, dampak, dan pengelolaan nikel laterit di Pulau Gag melalui studi pustaka, survei lapangan, dan analisis laboratorium. Pulau Gag memiliki batuan ophiolite yang mengandung nikel, dan nikel limonit digunakan dalam industri baterai HPAL, sementara nikel saprolite digunakan dalam produksi Ferro-Nikel (FeNi) dengan teknologi RKEF. Tambang nikel laterit Pulau Gag memiliki dampak lingkungan yang berkaitan dengan pengolahan limbah dan penggunaan air dalam ekstraksi nikel, memerlukan investasi besar dalam infrastruktur, teknologi pengolahan, kepatuhan regulasi, dan sumber daya manusia. Penelitian lebih lanjut diperlukan untuk memahami karakteristik nikel laterit Pulau Gag dan menjawab tantangan dalam menghadapi permintaan nikel global yang terus meningkat.
Referensi
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[ 4] Elias M (2002) Nickel laterite deposits – a geological overview, resources, and exploitation. Centre for Ore Deposit Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Special Publication 4, pp 205-220.
[ 5] Freyssinet P, Butt CRM, Morris RC, Piantone P (2005) Ore-forming processes related to lateritic weathering. In: Hedenquist JW, Thomson JFH, Goldfarb RJ, Richards JP (eds), Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume. Economic Geology Publishing Company, New Haven, Connecticut, pp 681-722.
[ 6] Gag Nikel, 2011, Laporan Eksplorasi Nikel Laterit daerah Pulau Gag (tidak dipublikasikan).
[ 7] Golightly, J.P., 1981. Nickeliferous laterite deposits. Economic Geology, 75th Anniversary Volume: pp. 710-735.
[ 8] Hall, R., 1998. The plate tectonics of Cenozoic SE Asia and the distribution of land and sea. SE Asia Research Group, Department of Geology, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey.
[ 9] Harun Amanda Adelina, Fenty Puluhulawa, Nurul Fajri Elfikri, Mohamad, Rivaldi Moha, 2023. Indonesian Mining Regulations Shift as A Potential Sector in Developing the Economy. Vol. 16, No. 2, 2023, p. 419-434.
[10] Jingcheng Dong, Yonggang Wei, Shiwei Zhou, Bo Li, Yindong Yang, And Alexander Mclean, 2018. The Effect of Additives on Extraction of Ni, Fe, and Co from Nickel Laterite Ores. JOM, Vol. 70, No. 10, 2018.
[11] Keskinkilic E, 2019. Nickel Laterite Smelting Processes and Some Examples of Recent Possible Modifications to the Conventional Route. Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Atilim University, 06830 Ankara, Turkey.
[12] Nahon, D., Paquet, H. and Delvigne, J., 1982, Lateritic weathering of ultramafic rocks and the concentration of nickel in the western Ivory Coast. Economic Geology, 77: pp.1159-1175.
[13] Novi Ratna Cahyani, 2023. Kebijakan Pemberhentian Ekspor Biji Nikel Indonesia Tahun 2020: Tinjauan Neomerkantilisme. Volume 6 Nomor 2 (2023).
[14] Norgate T, S. Jahanshahi, 2010. Assessing The Energy and Greenhouse Gas Footprints of Nickel Laterite Processing. Minerals Engineering Volume 24, Issue 7, June 2011, Pages 698-707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2010.10.002,
[15] Pandyaswargo Andante Hadi, Alan Dwi Wibowo, Meilinda Fitriani Nur Maghfiroh, Arlavinda Rezqita 4 and Hiroshi Onoda, 2021. The Emerging Electric Vehicle and Battery Industry in Indonesia: Actions around the Nickel Ore Export Ban and a SWOT Analysis.
[16] Pujiono J, T. Listyani R.A, Wayan Suparta, 2023. The Cobalt Enrichment Zone of Gag Island, West Papua, As A Valuable Mineral Resource. Geological Engineering Master's Study Program, Yogyakarta National Institute of Technology. The 2nd National Seminar and Proceedings of Scitech 2023.
[17] Schobbenhaus, C., 1986. Geologia do niquel. Principais depositos minerals do Brasil, DNPM-CVRD vol II, pp. 251-255.
[18] Setiyawan H.M, R. Andy Erwin Wijaya, 2022. Pelaksanaan Reklamasi Lahan Bekas Tambang di Wilayah Izin Usaha Pertambangan Tanah Urug Tjong Lie Ko, Kabupaten Sambas, Provinsi Kalimantan Barat. Geological Engineering Master's Study Program, Yogyakarta National Institute of Technology. National Proceedings of Industrial and Information Technology Engineering XVII 2022 (ReTII) November 2022, pp. 381~385. `
[19] Setiyawan H.M, R. Andy Erwin Wijaya, 2022. Evaluasi Kelayakan Ekonomi Pertambangan Bauksit PT. Kapuas Bara Mineral di Kecamatan Tayan Hilir dan Balai, Kabupaten Sanggau, Provinsi Kalimantan Barat.
[20] Supriatna, S., Hakim A.S. dan Apandi, T. (1995), Peta Geologi Lembar Waigeo, Irian Jaya, Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Geologi, Bandung.
[21] Sugiarto W, Andy Erwin Wijaya, 2022. Karakteristik Batubara Formasi Sinjin di Daerah Siduung Kecamatan Segah, Kabupaten Berau, Kalimantan Timur. Geological Engineering Master's Study Program, Yogyakarta National Institute of Technology. National Proceedings of Industrial and Information Technology Engineering XVII 2022 (ReTII) November 2022, pp. 386~393.
[22] Sugiarto W, T. Listyani R.A. Winarti, 2023. The Effect of Ash Content On Coal Quality in The Labanan Formation in Berau District, East Kalimantan Province. KURVATEK Vol. 8, No. 1, April 2023, pp. 1 – 6. Geological Engineering Masters Study Program, Institut Teknologi Nasional Yogyakarta.
[23] Sugiarto W, T. Listyani R.A, 2023. Pemanfaatan Air Sungai Punan Untuk Masyarakat Sekitar Tambang, Kecamatan Gunung Tabur, Kabupaten Berau, Kalimantan Timur. Prosiding Nasional Rekayasa Teknologi Industri dan Informasi XVIII Tahun 2023 (ReTII) November 2023, pp. xx~xx.
[24] Tifany Hurlatu Bernadetha, Frits Kayadoe, 2022. Strategi Penjadwalan Truck Berdasarkan Match Factor Untuk Pengangkutan Wet Muck Di Truck Haulage Level Tambang Bawah Tanah Deep Ore Zone PT. Freeport Indonesia. Program Studi Magister Teknik Geologi, Institut Teknologi Nasional Yogyakarta. Prosiding Nasional Rekayasa Teknologi Industri dan Informasi XVII Tahun 2022 (ReTII) November 2022, pp. 433~445.
[25] Valeton, I, Biermann, M., Reche, R. And Rosenberg, F. 1987 Genesis of nickel laterites and bauxites in Greece during the Jurassic and Cretaceous, and their relation to ultrabasic parent rocks. Ore Geology Reviews. 2, pp.359-404.
[26] Zhou Kai, Qiang Xie, Baohua Li, Arumugam Manthiram, 2021. An in-depth understanding of the effect of aluminum doping in high-nickel cathodes for lithium-ion batteries. Volume 34, January 2021, Pages 229-240.
[ 2] Bambang Hambar Eko Prasetyo, 2022. Studi Kasus: Karakteristik Batuan Area Break Through Terowongan Pengelak, Bendungan Ladongi. Geological Engineering Master's Study Program, Yogyakarta National Institute of Technology. National Proceedings of Industrial and Information Technology Engineering XVII 2022 (ReTII) November 2022, pp. 418~423.
[ 3] Butt, C.R.M. and Zeegers, H., 1992, Regolith Exploration Geochemistry in Tropical and Subtropical Terrains. Handbook of Exploration Geochemistry, Volume 4, (G.J.S Govett, Editor). Elsevier, Amsterdam, 605pp.
[ 4] Elias M (2002) Nickel laterite deposits – a geological overview, resources, and exploitation. Centre for Ore Deposit Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Special Publication 4, pp 205-220.
[ 5] Freyssinet P, Butt CRM, Morris RC, Piantone P (2005) Ore-forming processes related to lateritic weathering. In: Hedenquist JW, Thomson JFH, Goldfarb RJ, Richards JP (eds), Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume. Economic Geology Publishing Company, New Haven, Connecticut, pp 681-722.
[ 6] Gag Nikel, 2011, Laporan Eksplorasi Nikel Laterit daerah Pulau Gag (tidak dipublikasikan).
[ 7] Golightly, J.P., 1981. Nickeliferous laterite deposits. Economic Geology, 75th Anniversary Volume: pp. 710-735.
[ 8] Hall, R., 1998. The plate tectonics of Cenozoic SE Asia and the distribution of land and sea. SE Asia Research Group, Department of Geology, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey.
[ 9] Harun Amanda Adelina, Fenty Puluhulawa, Nurul Fajri Elfikri, Mohamad, Rivaldi Moha, 2023. Indonesian Mining Regulations Shift as A Potential Sector in Developing the Economy. Vol. 16, No. 2, 2023, p. 419-434.
[10] Jingcheng Dong, Yonggang Wei, Shiwei Zhou, Bo Li, Yindong Yang, And Alexander Mclean, 2018. The Effect of Additives on Extraction of Ni, Fe, and Co from Nickel Laterite Ores. JOM, Vol. 70, No. 10, 2018.
[11] Keskinkilic E, 2019. Nickel Laterite Smelting Processes and Some Examples of Recent Possible Modifications to the Conventional Route. Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Atilim University, 06830 Ankara, Turkey.
[12] Nahon, D., Paquet, H. and Delvigne, J., 1982, Lateritic weathering of ultramafic rocks and the concentration of nickel in the western Ivory Coast. Economic Geology, 77: pp.1159-1175.
[13] Novi Ratna Cahyani, 2023. Kebijakan Pemberhentian Ekspor Biji Nikel Indonesia Tahun 2020: Tinjauan Neomerkantilisme. Volume 6 Nomor 2 (2023).
[14] Norgate T, S. Jahanshahi, 2010. Assessing The Energy and Greenhouse Gas Footprints of Nickel Laterite Processing. Minerals Engineering Volume 24, Issue 7, June 2011, Pages 698-707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2010.10.002,
[15] Pandyaswargo Andante Hadi, Alan Dwi Wibowo, Meilinda Fitriani Nur Maghfiroh, Arlavinda Rezqita 4 and Hiroshi Onoda, 2021. The Emerging Electric Vehicle and Battery Industry in Indonesia: Actions around the Nickel Ore Export Ban and a SWOT Analysis.
[16] Pujiono J, T. Listyani R.A, Wayan Suparta, 2023. The Cobalt Enrichment Zone of Gag Island, West Papua, As A Valuable Mineral Resource. Geological Engineering Master's Study Program, Yogyakarta National Institute of Technology. The 2nd National Seminar and Proceedings of Scitech 2023.
[17] Schobbenhaus, C., 1986. Geologia do niquel. Principais depositos minerals do Brasil, DNPM-CVRD vol II, pp. 251-255.
[18] Setiyawan H.M, R. Andy Erwin Wijaya, 2022. Pelaksanaan Reklamasi Lahan Bekas Tambang di Wilayah Izin Usaha Pertambangan Tanah Urug Tjong Lie Ko, Kabupaten Sambas, Provinsi Kalimantan Barat. Geological Engineering Master's Study Program, Yogyakarta National Institute of Technology. National Proceedings of Industrial and Information Technology Engineering XVII 2022 (ReTII) November 2022, pp. 381~385. `
[19] Setiyawan H.M, R. Andy Erwin Wijaya, 2022. Evaluasi Kelayakan Ekonomi Pertambangan Bauksit PT. Kapuas Bara Mineral di Kecamatan Tayan Hilir dan Balai, Kabupaten Sanggau, Provinsi Kalimantan Barat.
[20] Supriatna, S., Hakim A.S. dan Apandi, T. (1995), Peta Geologi Lembar Waigeo, Irian Jaya, Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Geologi, Bandung.
[21] Sugiarto W, Andy Erwin Wijaya, 2022. Karakteristik Batubara Formasi Sinjin di Daerah Siduung Kecamatan Segah, Kabupaten Berau, Kalimantan Timur. Geological Engineering Master's Study Program, Yogyakarta National Institute of Technology. National Proceedings of Industrial and Information Technology Engineering XVII 2022 (ReTII) November 2022, pp. 386~393.
[22] Sugiarto W, T. Listyani R.A. Winarti, 2023. The Effect of Ash Content On Coal Quality in The Labanan Formation in Berau District, East Kalimantan Province. KURVATEK Vol. 8, No. 1, April 2023, pp. 1 – 6. Geological Engineering Masters Study Program, Institut Teknologi Nasional Yogyakarta.
[23] Sugiarto W, T. Listyani R.A, 2023. Pemanfaatan Air Sungai Punan Untuk Masyarakat Sekitar Tambang, Kecamatan Gunung Tabur, Kabupaten Berau, Kalimantan Timur. Prosiding Nasional Rekayasa Teknologi Industri dan Informasi XVIII Tahun 2023 (ReTII) November 2023, pp. xx~xx.
[24] Tifany Hurlatu Bernadetha, Frits Kayadoe, 2022. Strategi Penjadwalan Truck Berdasarkan Match Factor Untuk Pengangkutan Wet Muck Di Truck Haulage Level Tambang Bawah Tanah Deep Ore Zone PT. Freeport Indonesia. Program Studi Magister Teknik Geologi, Institut Teknologi Nasional Yogyakarta. Prosiding Nasional Rekayasa Teknologi Industri dan Informasi XVII Tahun 2022 (ReTII) November 2022, pp. 433~445.
[25] Valeton, I, Biermann, M., Reche, R. And Rosenberg, F. 1987 Genesis of nickel laterites and bauxites in Greece during the Jurassic and Cretaceous, and their relation to ultrabasic parent rocks. Ore Geology Reviews. 2, pp.359-404.
[26] Zhou Kai, Qiang Xie, Baohua Li, Arumugam Manthiram, 2021. An in-depth understanding of the effect of aluminum doping in high-nickel cathodes for lithium-ion batteries. Volume 34, January 2021, Pages 229-240.
Diterbitkan
2023-11-06
##submission.howToCite##
Jarot, J. P. dan Retno Astuti, T. L. (2023) “Nikel Laterit Pulau Gag: Menelusuri Proses Terbentuknya dan Implikasinya dalam Industri Pertambangan”, Retii, 18(1), hlm. 871-880. Tersedia pada: //journal.itny.ac.id/index.php/ReTII/article/view/4614 (Diakses: 20Mei2024).
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